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  • Trust

    Trust

    • Acknowledgement of Trust (already own asset) - $165
    • Change Appointor and/or Guardian of Family Trust - $110
    • Change of Name of Family Trust - $88
    • Change Trustee of Family Trust - $110
    • Dealing with Forgiven Debts (White Paper) - $55
    • Debt Recognition (including pre-Div 7A Loans) - $33
    • Declaration of Trust (before you buy) - $99
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement - $55
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement for UPE - $55
    • Family Trust - $165
    • Family Trust - Streaming & Bamford Update - $165
    • Family Trust - Update to Allow Change of Appointor and Guardian - $165
    • Family Trust - Update to allow Sole Trustee - $55
    • Family Trust - Update to Exclude Foreign Persons (NSW) - $198
    • Family Trust - Vesting - $249
    • Forgiveness of Debt - $121
    • Opening Minutes for the Unit Trust - $33
    • Partnership Deed - $220
    • Release of Unpaid Trust Entitlement - $121
    • The new small business restructure roll-over rules in practice (White Paper) - $55
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2008/09 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2009/10 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2010/11 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2011/12 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2012/13 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2012/13 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2013/14 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2013/14 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2014/15 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2014/15 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2015/16 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2015/16 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2016/17 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2016/17 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2017/18 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2017/18 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2018/19 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2018/19 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2019/20 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2019/20 - Single-Use - $121
    • Unit Trust - $149
    • Unit Trust - Add New Member Kit - $110
    • Webinar Recording - All About Family Trusts - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Are Family Trusts “Done” as an Asset Protection Tool? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Asset Protection - Dealing with Risk in Hard Times - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Beneficiary Entitlements in Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Family Trust v Family Court - Not a marriage made in Heaven - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Fixing Family Trust Deeds - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Know Thy Business Structure - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Managing Trust UPEs - How to do it and potential tax exposures - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Powers and Problems of Trustees - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Pros and Cons of Unit Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The who, what, when & how of Family Trust Elections - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trust Tax Issues and CGT Small Business Concessions - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts - Asset Protection on Peptides - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts Revisited - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Unit Trust v Family Trust - Which is Better for Investing? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Untangling Discretionary Trusts – A Family Lawyer’s Perspective - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Winding Up Trusts and Tax Consequences - $77
  • Superannuation

    Superannuation

    • Acknowledgement of Trust (already own asset) - $165
    • Commercial Lease - $220
    • Declaration of Trust (before you buy) - $99
    • Derivative Risk Statement for SMSF - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 15/16 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 16/17 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 17/18 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 18/19 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 19/20 - $65
    • Pension Pack for Self Managed Super - $299
    • Product Disclosure Statement (general) - $66
    • Product Disclosure Statement (Pension only) - $99
    • Self Managed Superannuation Fund Deed - $149
    • SMSF - Minute to Appoint Administrator - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Appoint an Auditor - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 07/08 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 08/09 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 09/10 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Insure The Members - $33
    • SMSF - Update Rules - $165
    • SMSF Commercial Property Assessment - $415
    • SMSF Full Valuation - $585
    • SMSF Kerbside Assessment - $415
    • SMSF Limited Recourse Borrowing Arrangement - $220
    • Statutory Declaration - $0
    • Webinar Recording - Accountant Road Rules for Super - $77
    • Webinar Recording - How does the 2016 Budget affect SMSF Trustees? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Investment Restrictions for Self Managed Superannuation Funds - $75
    • Webinar Recording - Pitfalls that SMSF Trustees should avoid - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSF End of Year Essentials - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSFs and Related Party Loans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Superannuation: Current status of the proposed changes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Protected Super Myth’Conception - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Time to Address the SMSF Sleeper - Estate Planning within the fund - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Tips and Traps for Property Investment in your SMSF - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Understanding the 2017 Superannuation Changes - $77
  • Estate Planning

    Estate Planning

    • Buy Sell Agreement Company - $197
    • Capital Gains Tax Asset Register kit - $33
    • Codicil to change the Executor - $99
    • Confidentiality Agreement (Non Disclosure) - $99
    • Debt Recognition (including pre-Div 7A Loans) - $33
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - NSW - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - SA - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - WA - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney (Financial, Personal/Health) - QLD - $55
    • Enduring Power of Guardianship - NSW - $55
    • Enduring Power of Guardianship - WA - $55
    • Power Of Attorney By Company - $99
    • Webinar Recording - Estate Planning Basics for Professional Advisers - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Time to Address the SMSF Sleeper - Estate Planning within the fund - $77
    • Webinar Recording - When a Will is not Simple - $77
    • Will - Married or Defacto No Children - $77
    • Will - Married or Defacto with Children - $77
    • Will - Single No Children - $99
    • Will - Single With Children - $99
  • Commercial

    Commercial

    • Advanced Legal Health Check for Businesses - $18
    • Buy a House with Friends Agreement - $110
    • Commercial Lease - $220
    • Commercial Property Valuation Request - $0
    • Confidentiality Agreement (Non Disclosure) - $99
    • Co-Owners Agreement - $110
    • Dealing with Forgiven Debts (White Paper) - $55
    • Debt Recognition (including pre-Div 7A Loans) - $33
    • Debt Recovery Kit - Qld - $44
    • Declaration of Trust (before you buy) - $99
    • Demand and Statement of Claim for Debt - NSW - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - VIC - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - WA - $88
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement - $55
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement for UPE - $55
    • Forgiveness of Debt - $121
    • Loan Agreement (No Security) - $99
    • Release of Unpaid Trust Entitlement - $121
    • Statutory Declaration - $0
    • Terms of Trade (Non ROT) - $132
    • The new small business restructure roll-over rules in practice (White Paper) - $55
    • Webinar Recording - Avoiding Business Disputes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Maximising your Business Value - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Navigating Small Business Restructure Roll-overs - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Small Business Tax and Financial Risks - $77
  • Employment

    Employment

    • Confidentiality Agreement (Non Disclosure) - $99
    • Employment - Conduct Issues Letter - $33
    • Employment - Employee Expenses Policy - $55
    • Employment - Performance Issues Letter - $33
    • Employment - Request for Medical Information - $33
    • Employment - Termination Letter - $33
    • Employment - Transferring Employee Letter - $33
    • Employment Contract - $99
    • Independent Contractors Agreement - $99
    • Partnership Deed - $220
    • Statutory Declaration - $0
    • Webinar Recording - Are you Ready for Bullying in the Workplace? - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Employee Engagement and Share Plans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Employee v Contractor - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Social Media in the Workplace - $77
  • Company

    Company

    • Acknowledgement of Trust (already own asset) - $165
    • Adopt Committee Recommendations kit - $33
    • Appoint a Committee kit - $33
    • Appoint an Alternate Director kit - $33
    • Appoint Managing Director & Confer Powers kit - $33
    • Build a Company - $99
    • Build a Company (ELodgement) - $625
    • Buy a House with Friends Agreement - $110
    • Buy Sell Agreement Company - $197
    • Capital Gains Tax Asset Register kit - $33
    • Change Registered Office kit - $33
    • Commercial Lease - $220
    • Company Constitution Update - $99
    • Confidentiality Agreement (Non Disclosure) - $99
    • Co-Owners Agreement - $110
    • Debt Recognition (including pre-Div 7A Loans) - $33
    • Declaration of Trust (before you buy) - $99
    • Demand and Statement of Claim for Debt - NSW - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - VIC - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - WA - $88
    • Director‘s Indemnity Agreement - Compulsory Insurance - $197
    • Director‘s Indemnity Agreement - No Insurance - $197
    • Directors Conflict of Interest Kit - $44
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement - $55
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement for UPE - $55
    • Employment Contract - $99
    • Family Trust - Vesting - $249
    • Forgiveness of Debt - $121
    • Independent Contractors Agreement - $99
    • Loan Agreement (No Security) - $99
    • Minutes for Members to Inspect Books - $33
    • Minutes for Resigning Director - $33
    • Opening Minutes for the Unit Trust - $33
    • Partnership Deed - $220
    • Power Of Attorney By Company - $99
    • Release of Unpaid Trust Entitlement - $121
    • Remove a Managing Director kit - $33
    • Remove and Replace a Director kit - $44
    • Replace Company Secretary kit - $44
    • Self Managed Superannuation Fund Deed - $149
    • Statutory Declaration - $0
    • Terms of Trade (Non ROT) - $132
    • Transfer of Shares Kit - $0
    • Unit Trust - $149
    • Unit Trust - Add New Member Kit - $110
    • Webinar Recording - Companies - Things you should know, but probably don’t! - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Know Thy Business Structure - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Private Company Cash - Division 7A Complications for Professional Advisors - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Year End Tax Planning - $77
  • Webinars

    Webinars

    • Webinar Recording - Accessing Company & Trust Documents in Family Law - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Accountant Road Rules for Super - $77
    • Webinar Recording - All About Family Trusts - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Are Family Trusts “Done” as an Asset Protection Tool? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Are you Ready for Bullying in the Workplace? - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Asset Protection - Dealing with Risk in Hard Times - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Avoiding Business Disputes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Beneficiary Entitlements in Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Companies - Things you should know, but probably don’t! - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Dealing with Divorce - An Accountant’s Perspective - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Dealing with Mistakes and Variations in Family Trust Deeds - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Demise of the Accountants’ Exemption - Walking the line, post 1 July 2016 - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Distributing Capital from Family Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Do Pre-Nups Work Anymore? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Employee Engagement and Share Plans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Employee v Contractor - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Estate Planning Basics for Professional Advisers - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Family Trust v Family Court - Not a marriage made in Heaven - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Fixing Family Trust Deeds - $77
    • Webinar Recording - How does the 2016 Budget affect SMSF Trustees? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Investment Restrictions for Self Managed Superannuation Funds - $75
    • Webinar Recording - Know Thy Business Structure - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Managing Trust UPEs - How to do it and potential tax exposures - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Maximising your Business Value - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Navigating Small Business Restructure Roll-overs - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Pitfalls that SMSF Trustees should avoid - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Private Company Cash - Division 7A Complications for Professional Advisors - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Project Do It - ATO Amnesty Information Session - $0
    • Webinar Recording - Small Business Tax and Financial Risks - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSF End of Year Essentials - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSFs and Related Party Loans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Social Media in the Workplace - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Stimulus measures and year-end tax planning for companies and trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Superannuation: Current status of the proposed changes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Powers and Problems of Trustees - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Pros and Cons of Unit Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Protected Super Myth’Conception - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The who, what, when & how of Family Trust Elections - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Time to Address the SMSF Sleeper - Estate Planning within the fund - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Tips and Traps for Property Investment in your SMSF - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trust Tax Issues and CGT Small Business Concessions - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts - Asset Protection on Peptides - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts Revisited - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Understanding the 2017 Superannuation Changes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Unit Trust v Family Trust - Which is Better for Investing? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Untangling Discretionary Trusts – A Family Lawyer’s Perspective - $77
    • Webinar Recording - When a Will is not Simple - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Winding Up Trusts and Tax Consequences - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Year End Tax Planning - $77
    • Webinar Recording - You’ve Been Served! - How to deal with a family law subpoena - $77
    • webinar20201125 - Webinar Test 2 - $88
  • All documents

    All documents

    • Acknowledgement of Trust (already own asset) - $165
    • Adopt Committee Recommendations kit - $33
    • Advanced Legal Health Check for Businesses - $18
    • Appoint a Committee kit - $33
    • Appoint an Alternate Director kit - $33
    • Appoint Managing Director & Confer Powers kit - $33
    • Build a Company - $99
    • Build a Company (ELodgement) - $625
    • Buy a House with Friends Agreement - $110
    • Buy Sell Agreement Company - $197
    • Capital Gains Tax Asset Register kit - $33
    • Change Appointor and/or Guardian of Family Trust - $110
    • Change of Name of Family Trust - $88
    • Change Registered Office kit - $33
    • Change Trustee of Family Trust - $110
    • Codicil to change the Executor - $99
    • Commercial Lease - $220
    • Commercial Property Valuation Request - $0
    • Company Constitution Update - $99
    • Confidentiality Agreement (Non Disclosure) - $99
    • Co-Owners Agreement - $110
    • Dealing with Forgiven Debts (White Paper) - $55
    • Debt Recognition (including pre-Div 7A Loans) - $33
    • Debt Recovery Kit - Qld - $44
    • Declaration of Trust (before you buy) - $99
    • Demand and Statement of Claim for Debt - NSW - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - VIC - $88
    • Demand and Summons for Debt - WA - $88
    • Derivative Risk Statement for SMSF - $65
    • Director‘s Indemnity Agreement - Compulsory Insurance - $197
    • Director‘s Indemnity Agreement - No Insurance - $197
    • Directors Conflict of Interest Kit - $44
    • Disclaimer - Email - $55
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement - $55
    • Div 7A Loan Agreement for UPE - $55
    • Employment - Conduct Issues Letter - $33
    • Employment - Employee Expenses Policy - $55
    • Employment - Performance Issues Letter - $33
    • Employment - Request for Medical Information - $33
    • Employment - Termination Letter - $33
    • Employment - Transferring Employee Letter - $33
    • Employment Contract - $99
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - NSW - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - SA - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney - WA - $55
    • Enduring Power of Attorney (Financial, Personal/Health) - QLD - $55
    • Enduring Power of Guardianship - NSW - $55
    • Enduring Power of Guardianship - WA - $55
    • Family Trust - $165
    • Family Trust - Streaming & Bamford Update - $165
    • Family Trust - Update to Allow Change of Appointor and Guardian - $165
    • Family Trust - Update to allow Sole Trustee - $55
    • Family Trust - Update to Exclude Foreign Persons (NSW) - $198
    • Family Trust - Vesting - $249
    • Forgiveness of Debt - $121
    • Independent Contractors Agreement - $99
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 15/16 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 16/17 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 17/18 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 18/19 - $65
    • Investment Strategy for Self Managed Super 19/20 - $65
    • Loan Agreement (No Security) - $99
    • Minutes for Members to Inspect Books - $33
    • Minutes for Resigning Director - $33
    • Opening Minutes for the Unit Trust - $33
    • Partnership Deed - $220
    • Pension Pack for Self Managed Super - $299
    • Power Of Attorney By Company - $99
    • Product Disclosure Statement (general) - $66
    • Product Disclosure Statement (Pension only) - $99
    • Release of Unpaid Trust Entitlement - $121
    • Remove a Managing Director kit - $33
    • Remove and Replace a Director kit - $44
    • Replace Company Secretary kit - $44
    • Self Managed Superannuation Fund Deed - $149
    • SMSF - Minute to Appoint Administrator - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Appoint an Auditor - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 07/08 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 08/09 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Approve Financial Statements 09/10 - $33
    • SMSF - Minute to Insure The Members - $33
    • SMSF - Update Rules - $165
    • SMSF Commercial Property Assessment - $415
    • SMSF Full Valuation - $585
    • SMSF Kerbside Assessment - $415
    • SMSF Limited Recourse Borrowing Arrangement - $220
    • SMSF Subscription - $99
    • Statutory Declaration - $0
    • Terms of Trade (Non ROT) - $132
    • The new small business restructure roll-over rules in practice (White Paper) - $55
    • Transfer of Shares Kit - $0
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2008/09 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2009/10 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2010/11 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2011/12 - $99
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2012/13 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2012/13 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2013/14 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2013/14 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2014/15 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2014/15 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2015/16 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2015/16 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2016/17 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2016/17 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2017/18 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2017/18 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2018/19 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2018/19 - Single-Use - $110
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2019/20 - Multi-Use - $350
    • Trust Distribution Minutes Library for 2019/20 - Single-Use - $121
    • Unit Trust - $149
    • Unit Trust - Add New Member Kit - $110
    • Webinar Recording - Accessing Company & Trust Documents in Family Law - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Accountant Road Rules for Super - $77
    • Webinar Recording - All About Family Trusts - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Are Family Trusts “Done” as an Asset Protection Tool? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Are you Ready for Bullying in the Workplace? - $66
    • Webinar Recording - Asset Protection - Dealing with Risk in Hard Times - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Avoiding Business Disputes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Beneficiary Entitlements in Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Companies - Things you should know, but probably don’t! - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Dealing with Divorce - An Accountant’s Perspective - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Dealing with Mistakes and Variations in Family Trust Deeds - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Demise of the Accountants’ Exemption - Walking the line, post 1 July 2016 - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Distributing Capital from Family Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Do Pre-Nups Work Anymore? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Employee Engagement and Share Plans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Employee v Contractor - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Estate Planning Basics for Professional Advisers - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Family Trust v Family Court - Not a marriage made in Heaven - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Fixing Family Trust Deeds - $77
    • Webinar Recording - How does the 2016 Budget affect SMSF Trustees? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Investment Restrictions for Self Managed Superannuation Funds - $75
    • Webinar Recording - Know Thy Business Structure - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Managing Trust UPEs - How to do it and potential tax exposures - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Maximising your Business Value - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Navigating Small Business Restructure Roll-overs - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Pitfalls that SMSF Trustees should avoid - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Private Company Cash - Division 7A Complications for Professional Advisors - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Project Do It - ATO Amnesty Information Session - $0
    • Webinar Recording - Small Business Tax and Financial Risks - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSF End of Year Essentials - $77
    • Webinar Recording - SMSFs and Related Party Loans - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Social Media in the Workplace - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Stimulus measures and year-end tax planning for companies and trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Superannuation: Current status of the proposed changes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Powers and Problems of Trustees - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Pros and Cons of Unit Trusts - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The Protected Super Myth’Conception - $77
    • Webinar Recording - The who, what, when & how of Family Trust Elections - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Time to Address the SMSF Sleeper - Estate Planning within the fund - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Tips and Traps for Property Investment in your SMSF - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trust Tax Issues and CGT Small Business Concessions - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts - Asset Protection on Peptides - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Trusts Revisited - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Understanding the 2017 Superannuation Changes - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Unit Trust v Family Trust - Which is Better for Investing? - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Untangling Discretionary Trusts – A Family Lawyer’s Perspective - $77
    • Webinar Recording - When a Will is not Simple - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Winding Up Trusts and Tax Consequences - $77
    • Webinar Recording - Year End Tax Planning - $77
    • Webinar Recording - You’ve Been Served! - How to deal with a family law subpoena - $77
    • webinar20201125 - Webinar Test 2 - $88
    • Website Terms And Conditions - $99
    • Will - Married or Defacto No Children - $77
    • Will - Married or Defacto with Children - $77
    • Will - Single No Children - $99
    • Will - Single With Children - $99
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Print Version Back

Trust Formalities

Issue: 542 - Thursday, 27 September 2018

In this Issue

  1. Trust Formalities

1. Trust Formalities

by John Wojtowicz (Director - Law Central Legal)

Trusts are an increasingly popular legal instrument which are utilised by individuals, families and corporations. Often a person (the settlor) will purport to create a trust, but how do they know if the trust was validly created? This bulletin will address some of the key requirements for a trust in Australia.

A trust is a legal obligation imposed on a person or other entity (the trustee) to hold and manage property for the benefit of the beneficiaries. This legal obligation can be created:

  • By declaration, where a titleholder expresses his or her intention to hold their property on trust for another;
  • By transfer, where title is transferred to a person (the trustee) with instructions that it be held on trust for another; or
  • By direction, where the beneficiary of an existing trust directs the trustee to hold his or her interest on trust for another.

The Three Certainties

Regardless of how the trust was created, all trusts must satisfy the three certainties. They are:

  • Certainty of intention;
  • Certainty of subject matter or property; and
  • Certainty of beneficiaries.

Certainty of Intention

A trust will not be validly created unless it is clear that the settlor had intended to create a trust. This element does not require the creator to have in-depth knowledge of trusts in order to create one. No particular words or combination of words have to be used. To satisfying this requirement the court only needs to see evidence that the settlor intended to create the trust.

A trust may be created in circumstances where one party has merely intended to pass on property. For example, in Re Armstrong a bank manager was instructed to give the principal sums to the settlor’s sons when the investments matured. It was held the settlor intended to create a trust. This is because the bank manager would effectively be holding the principal sums on trust for the settlor’s sons.

Certainty of Subject Matter

The ‘property’ or ‘subject matter’ of a trust must be defined and identifiable. Otherwise the trust is void for uncertainty, for there can be no trust without trust property. If vague or ambiguous language is used, it may lead to the trust being voided because the trust property is not identifiable. The subject matter must be legally recognised property. Legal recognised property includes: real property (land), personal property, shares, legal interests, equitable interests, and even a life interest in a property.  

In order to satisfy this requirement the trustee should also be able to ascertain what part of the property each beneficiary is entitled to. However, there are some exceptions. The most common exception involves discretionary trusts, where the trustees have discretion as to what each beneficiary is entitled to receive.

Certainty of Beneficiaries

In order for the trust to be validly created, it must be clear who the beneficiaries are. Property cannot be held on trust if the trustee does not know for whose benefit he is holding the property.

For fixed trusts, the relevant test is the ‘list certainty’ test. Can the trustee compile a list of all the beneficiaries of the trust? If the trustee cannot compile a list of all the beneficiaries then the trust will be void for uncertainty of beneficiaries.

The beneficiaries of discretionary trusts are often wide and very difficult to list. For this reason, the court uses the ‘criterion certainty’ test for discretionary trusts. To satisfy this test, you must be able to identify if any single person is, or isn’t, a beneficiary of the trust.

In the case of Re Gulbenkian’s Settlements a trust failed to satisfy the ‘criterion certainty’ test. The settlor wished a fund be divided equally between ‘my old friends.’ Lord Upjohn held there was too much uncertainty to decide if certain people were included as beneficiaries. Did it include school friends? Did it include family? Did it include friends not seen for many years? It was too unclear and the trust was held void.

Settled Sum has been Paid

When a family trust is being created in Australia, it is usual practice for a nominal payment to be made, which will constitute the initial trust property. In many cases, this payment will only be a small amount such as $10.

If this settled sum is not paid, the family trust may not be validly created. In the Victorian case of Aston (Aust) Properties Pty Ltd & Ors v Commissioner of State Revenue (Taxation) the validity of various trusts were examined with the issue of the payment of the “settled sum” being a relevant factor in the review. 

It is not only important that the settled sum is paid, but it should also be evidenced. A settled sum is best evidenced by the use of cheque or bank transfer which explicitly references the trust. However it is not fatal to the trust if the payment of the settled sum can be evidenced in another way. If the settled sum is paid by cash, a receipt should be issued by the trustee.

Deed of Settlement Executed Correctly

The most common way to establish a trust is to execute a deed of settlement. This will set out the parties to the trust, the relationship between the parties, the trust property and any other terms relevant to the trust. Once correctly executed, the deed of settlement will establish the trust on the terms contained in the deed.

A deed may be ineffectual to establish the trust if it has not been correctly executed. The specific requirements to execute a deed will vary depending on the state. Some general requirements for executing a deed are: it has been correctly witnessed; the document is referred to as a deed; and it meets the requirements of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) if being signed by a company. 

Gold and Platinum members read on for information on the legal validity of orally created trusts.

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Disclaimer: The content of this Bulletin is general information only. It is not legal advice. Law Central recommends you seek professional advice before taking any action based on the content of this Bulletin.

Related documents:

  • Family Trust
  • Unit Trust
  • Family Trust - Streaming & Bamford Update
  • Family Trust - Update to Exclude Foreign Persons (NSW)

Related webinars:

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